{"id":700,"date":"2021-06-18T14:56:21","date_gmt":"2021-06-18T12:56:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bioethanolshop.nl\/?p=700"},"modified":"2021-06-18T14:59:18","modified_gmt":"2021-06-18T12:59:18","slug":"co-je-bioetanol-palivo-a-jake-jsou-vyhody","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bioethanolshop.nl\/cs\/wat-is-bio-ethanolbrandstof-en-wat-zijn-de-voordelen-ervan\/","title":{"rendered":"Co je bioetanolov\u00e9 palivo a jak\u00e9 jsou jeho v\u00fdhody?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Co je bioetanolov\u00e9 palivo a jak\u00e9 jsou jeho v\u00fdhody?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mo\u017en\u00e1 jste v posledn\u00edch letech zaznamenali zpr\u00e1vy o automobilech, kter\u00e9 jezd\u00ed na alkohol m\u00edsto na benz\u00edn. My\u0161lenka vyu\u017eit\u00ed etanolu jako paliva pro automobily je zn\u00e1m\u00e1 ji\u017e del\u0161\u00ed dobu, ale teprve ned\u00e1vno se tento koncept za\u010dal v\u00e1\u017en\u011b zkoumat. Nahrazen\u00edm ropn\u00e9ho paliva alkoholem bychom mohli eliminovat \u0161kodliv\u00e9 v\u00fdfukov\u00e9 plyny, kter\u00e9 produkuje ka\u017ed\u00e9 auto, kter\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jako palivo benz\u00edn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bioetanol je zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 alternativn\u00ed palivo, kter\u00e9 se t\u011b\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1jmu v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk\u016f, spot\u0159ebitel\u016f i v\u00fdrobc\u016f automobil\u016f. Co je to ale bioetanol a pro\u010d je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za tak perspektivn\u00ed?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Co je bioetanolov\u00e9 palivo?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Etanol je ji\u017e dlouho jednou z nejuniverz\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00edch a nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch l\u00e1tek, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1me k dispozici. V\u011bt\u0161ina lid\u00ed zn\u00e1 etanol jako alkohol obsa\u017een\u00fd v alkoholick\u00fdch n\u00e1poj\u00edch. Pro chemiky je v\u0161ak etanol mnohem v\u00edc ne\u017e jen psychoaktivn\u00ed droga; je to rozpou\u0161t\u011bdlo s nekone\u010dnou \u0159adou pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch a chemick\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed. V posledn\u00edch letech se etanol stal tak\u00e9 potenci\u00e1ln\u00edm obnoviteln\u00fdm palivem pro automobily a \u017eivotaschopnou alternativou k benzinu na b\u00e1zi ropy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bioetanol<\/a> se jednodu\u0161e vztahuje na etanol vyroben\u00fd z biomasy. Pokud v\u00e1s zaj\u00edm\u00e1, z \u010deho se vyr\u00e1b\u00ed palivo na b\u00e1zi bioetanolu, zde je odpov\u011b\u010f. Biomasa je \u0161irok\u00fd pojem, kter\u00fd zahrnuje jak\u00fdkoli materi\u00e1l poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z \u017eiv\u00e9ho nebo ned\u00e1vno zem\u0159el\u00e9ho organismu. Nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edkladem biomasy je d\u0159evo. Spalov\u00e1n\u00edm d\u0159eva m\u016f\u017eeme p\u0159\u00edmo uvolnit energii, kterou obsahuje, a pou\u017e\u00edt ji jako palivo. Mezi dal\u0161\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 kategorie biomasy pat\u0159\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 zbytky a zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00ed hn\u016fj, potravin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd a pr\u016fmyslov\u00fd odpad a energetick\u00e9 plodiny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jak se vyr\u00e1b\u00ed bioetanolov\u00e9 palivo?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z biomasy, obvykle ve form\u011b energetick\u00fdch plodin, lze vyr\u00e1b\u011bt bioetanol procesem zvan\u00fdm fermentace, stejn\u00fdm procesem, p\u0159i kter\u00e9m se kyselina s\u00edrov\u00e1 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k v\u00fdrob\u011b alkoholick\u00fdch n\u00e1poj\u016f. K v\u00fdrob\u011b bioetanolu fermentac\u00ed lze pou\u017e\u00edt kuku\u0159ici, cukrovou t\u0159tinu, \u0159asy a \u0159adu dal\u0161\u00edch b\u011b\u017en\u011b dostupn\u00fdch rostlin. B\u011bhem procesu kva\u0161en\u00ed spot\u0159ebov\u00e1vaj\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9 druhy kvasinek cukry obsa\u017een\u00e9 v biomase. P\u0159i jejich tr\u00e1ven\u00ed vznikaj\u00ed jako vedlej\u0161\u00ed produkty etanol a oxid uhli\u010dit\u00fd (CO2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Biomasa obvykle obsahuje \u0159adu slo\u017eit\u00fdch sacharidov\u00fdch polymer\u016f zvan\u00fdch celul\u00f3za, kter\u00e9 se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v bun\u011b\u010dn\u00fdch st\u011bn\u00e1ch rostlin. Aby se vytvo\u0159ilo dostate\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed cukru pro kva\u0161en\u00ed, mus\u00ed b\u00fdt biomasa o\u0161et\u0159ena speci\u00e1ln\u00edmi kyselinami nebo enzymy. Ty rozkl\u00e1daj\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e9 odoln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed rostlinn\u00e9 bu\u0148ky a odhaluj\u00ed jejich vnit\u0159n\u00ed strukturu dal\u0161\u00edm procesem zvan\u00fdm hydrol\u00fdza. Hydrol\u00fdzou celul\u00f3zy vznik\u00e1 sachar\u00f3zov\u00fd cukr, kter\u00fd lze n\u00e1sledn\u011b zkvasit na etanol. Existuj\u00ed t\u0159i hlavn\u00ed zp\u016fsoby extrakce cukru ze vzorku biomasy: enzymatick\u00e1 hydrol\u00fdza, z\u0159ed\u011bn\u00e1 kysel\u00e1 hydrol\u00fdza a koncentrovan\u00e1 kysel\u00e1 hydrol\u00fdza.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Enzymatick\u00e1 hydrol\u00fdza: Ke vzorku biomasy se p\u0159idaj\u00ed speci\u00e1ln\u00ed enzymy. Tyto enzymy rozkl\u00e1daj\u00ed rostlinn\u00e9 bu\u0148ky a hydrolyzuj\u00ed celul\u00f3zu za vzniku sachar\u00f3zy. Tato metoda je ned\u00e1vnou novinkou a v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b je jej\u00ed zaveden\u00ed velmi n\u00e1kladn\u00e9. O\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 se v\u0161ak, \u017ee s postupn\u00fdm zdokonalov\u00e1n\u00edm procesu se stane ekonomi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edm.\"\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hydrol\u00fdza z\u0159ed\u011bnou kyselinou: Tato metoda je nejstar\u0161\u00ed a nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed. V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b je to tak\u00e9 nejefektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zp\u016fsob vyu\u017eit\u00ed biomasy pro v\u00fdrobu etanolu, i kdy\u017e to se m\u016f\u017ee v budoucnu zm\u011bnit. Proces se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze dvou f\u00e1z\u00ed, kdy se k biomase p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 kyselina s\u00edrov\u00e1 z\u0159ed\u011bn\u00e1 na m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 1% a zah\u0159\u00e1t\u00e1 na 190 a\u017e 215 \u00b0C. Slab\u00e1 kyselina a vysok\u00e1 teplota hydrolyzuj\u00ed celul\u00f3zu. Vzniklou kapalinu lze n\u00e1sledn\u011b z\u00edskat a zpracovat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Koncentrovan\u00e1 kysel\u00e1 hydrol\u00fdza: Koncentrovan\u00e1 kysel\u00e1 hydrol\u00fdza pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 mnohem siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed (70-77%) koncentraci kyseliny s\u00edrov\u00e9, kter\u00e1 se p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 k vysu\u0161en\u00e9 biomase a zvy\u0161uje se na teplotu 50 stup\u0148\u016f Celsia. Sm\u011bs se pak \u0159ed\u00ed vodou, dokud se koncentrace neocitne v rozmez\u00ed 20-30% stup\u0148\u016f Celsia, a pot\u00e9 se zah\u0159\u00edv\u00e1 na 100 stup\u0148\u016f Celsia po dobu jedn\u00e9 hodiny. V\u00fdsledkem tohoto procesu je gel, kter\u00fd lze stla\u010dit, aby se uvolnila sm\u011bs cukru a kyseliny. Sm\u011bs se odd\u011bl\u00ed pomoc\u00ed chromatografick\u00e9 kolony.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jak\u00e9 jsou v\u00fdhody paliva na b\u00e1zi bioetanolu?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bioetanol<\/a> nab\u00edz\u00ed oproti star\u0161\u00edm typ\u016fm paliva \u0159adu v\u00fdhod. Jedn\u00edm z hlavn\u00edch d\u016fvod\u016f je v\u0161ak to, \u017ee k jeho v\u00fdrob\u011b lze pou\u017e\u00edt jakoukoli rostlinu obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed cukr a \u0161krob. S postupuj\u00edc\u00edm v\u00fdzkumem a zdokonalov\u00e1n\u00edm proces\u016f, kter\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me k extrakci a kva\u0161en\u00ed cukr\u016f, m\u016f\u017eeme o\u010dek\u00e1vat, \u017ee se v\u00fdnosy budou zvy\u0161ovat. V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b se za mnohem vhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pro v\u00fdrobu bioetanolu pova\u017euje n\u011bkolik plodin, ale to se m\u016f\u017ee \u010dasem zm\u011bnit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdroba bioetanolu je mnohem \u0161etrn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed k \u017eivotn\u00edmu prost\u0159ed\u00ed ne\u017e v\u00fdroba jin\u00fdch konven\u010dn\u00edch paliv a prob\u00edhaj\u00ed snahy o dal\u0161\u00ed sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed uhl\u00edkov\u00e9 stopy. V\u00fdroba bioetanolu by m\u011bla b\u00fdt v z\u00e1sad\u011b uhl\u00edkov\u011b neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed, proto\u017ee jedin\u00fd CO2, kter\u00fd se uvol\u0148uje do atmosf\u00e9ry, je CO2 absorbovan\u00fd rostlinou p\u0159i fotosynt\u00e9ze.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdroba bioetanolu je nejen ekologi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v\u00fdroba jin\u00fdch druh\u016f paliv, ale p\u0159i jeho pou\u017eit\u00ed vznikaj\u00ed mnohem \u010dist\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdpary. Ethanol ho\u0159\u00ed \u00fapln\u011b, nevznikaj\u00ed p\u0159i n\u011bm \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 \u0161kodliv\u00e9 vedlej\u0161\u00ed produkty jako u jin\u00fdch druh\u016f paliv. Pokud se bioetanol pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jako palivo pro spalovac\u00ed motory v automobilech, jsou v\u00fdfukov\u00e9 plyny \u010dasto \u010dist\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e okoln\u00ed vzduch, zejm\u00e9na v m\u011bstsk\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed.\"\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Proto\u017ee etanol <\/a>biologicky odbourateln\u00e9, nep\u0159edstavuje \u00fanik paliva potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed ekologickou katastrofu, jako je tomu v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b ropy. Pokud se etanol dostane do vody, z\u0159ed\u00ed se na n\u00edzkou, netoxickou koncentraci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K \u010demu se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 bioetanol?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bioetanolov\u00e9 palivo se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v r\u016fzn\u00fdch oblastech a o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 se, \u017ee s postupuj\u00edc\u00edm \u010dasem a zdokonalov\u00e1n\u00edm v\u00fdrobn\u00edch metod bude nach\u00e1zet dal\u0161\u00ed uplatn\u011bn\u00ed. Pokud se ka\u017ed\u00fd rok pt\u00e1te, k \u010demu se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 bioetanol, zjist\u00edte, \u017ee seznam je st\u00e1le del\u0161\u00ed. Dv\u011b nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed bioethanolu jsou jako aditivum nebo alternativa k benzinu a jako palivo pro speci\u00e1ln\u00ed krby<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159id\u00e1n\u00edm etanolu do benzinu se zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed oktanov\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed jeho odolnost proti detonaci. V\u00fdsledkem je, \u017ee v\u00edce paliva sho\u0159\u00ed, ne\u017e aby explodovalo. Zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed oktanov\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edsla paliva je obvykle velmi n\u00e1kladn\u00fd proces; p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed etanolu do nekvalitn\u00edho paliva zlep\u0161uje jeho v\u00fdkon, ani\u017e by se v\u00fdrazn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161ily n\u00e1klady. Mnoho v\u00fdrobc\u016f automobil\u016f tak\u00e9 za\u010dalo ve sv\u00fdch vozidlech podporovat palivo E85, co\u017e je palivo vyroben\u00e9 z 85% etanolu a 15% ropn\u00fdch produkt\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Krby na bioetanol<\/a> jsou tak\u00e9 st\u00e1le b\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a \u010dasem by mohly zcela nahradit klasick\u00e9 krby. Proto\u017ee bioetanol ho\u0159\u00ed \u010dist\u011b a neprodukuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 toxick\u00e9 produkty spalov\u00e1n\u00ed, krby na bioetanol nepot\u0159ebuj\u00ed kom\u00edn, kter\u00fd by odv\u00e1d\u011bl kou\u0159; nemus\u00edte se ob\u00e1vat \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9ho kou\u0159e. Proto\u017ee krby na bioethanol nevy\u017eaduj\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed infrastrukturu, lze je pou\u017e\u00edvat voln\u011b stoj\u00edc\u00ed v situac\u00edch, kdy by pou\u017eit\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho krbu nebylo mo\u017en\u00e9. Pokud v\u00e1s zaj\u00edm\u00e1, jak dlouho vydr\u017e\u00ed bioetanolov\u00e9 palivo nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u011b ho\u0159et v krbu, odpov\u011b\u010f zn\u00ed: 4 a\u017e 8 hodin. Krby na bioetanol obvykle umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed u\u017eivateli regulovat rychlost spalov\u00e1n\u00ed paliva pomoc\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch nastaven\u00ed teploty. \u010c\u00edm v\u00edce produkuje, t\u00edm rychleji spot\u0159ebov\u00e1v\u00e1 palivo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Co znamen\u00e1 bioetanol pro budoucnost v\u00fdroby pohonn\u00fdch hmot?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bioetanol nen\u00ed jedin\u00fdm biopalivem. V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b je v\u0161ak nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a jej\u00ed prvn\u00ed \u00fasp\u011bchy byly hlavn\u00edm motorem v\u00fdzkumu dal\u0161\u00edch souvisej\u00edc\u00edch technologi\u00ed. Dal\u0161\u00edmi dv\u011bma v\u00fdznamn\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edklady podobn\u00fdch koncept\u016f jsou bionafta a vod\u00edkov\u00e9 palivo. Zkoum\u00e1n\u00edm toho, jak se vyr\u00e1b\u00ed bionafta, bioetanol a vod\u00edkov\u00e9 palivo, m\u016f\u017eeme za\u010d\u00edt ch\u00e1pat, jak bude vypadat budoucnost technologi\u00ed \u010dist\u00e9 energie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dal\u0161\u00edm slibn\u00fdm alternativn\u00edm palivem, kter\u00e9 lze vyr\u00e1b\u011bt z olej\u016f a tuk\u016f, je bionafta. Na bionaftu lze zpracovat odpadn\u00ed kuchy\u0148sk\u00fd olej, rostlinn\u00fd olej a \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00e9 tuky. Stejn\u011b jako bioetanol p\u0159itahuje bionafta z\u00e1jem jako mo\u017en\u00e1 alternativa nebo dopln\u011bk k benzinu. Hlavn\u00ed v\u00fdhodou bionafty je, \u017ee ji lze vyrobit recyklac\u00ed \u0161irok\u00e9 \u0161k\u00e1ly snadno dostupn\u00fdch produkt\u016f. Lze jej pou\u017e\u00edt i ve st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch vzn\u011btov\u00fdch motorech bez nutnosti \u00faprav.\"\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vod\u00edkov\u00e9 palivo je dal\u0161\u00edm alternativn\u00edm zdrojem paliva, kter\u00fd je mnohem \u0161etrn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed k \u017eivotn\u00edmu prost\u0159ed\u00ed ne\u017e benz\u00edn. P\u0159esto\u017ee je vod\u00edk nejroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00edm prvkem ve vesm\u00edru, je tak\u00e9 nejleh\u010d\u00ed. Voln\u00fd vod\u00edk je proto na Zemi vz\u00e1cn\u00fd, proto\u017ee se vzn\u00e1\u0161\u00ed ve vesm\u00edru. V\u011bt\u0161ina pr\u016fmyslov\u011b vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00e9ho vod\u00edku se vyr\u00e1b\u00ed parn\u00edm reformingem, kter\u00fd vy\u017eaduje fosiln\u00ed paliva. Prob\u00edh\u00e1 v\u0161ak v\u00fdzkum v\u00fdroby vod\u00edku z biomasy a elektrol\u00fdzy vody. Pokud tyto snahy povedou k \u010dist\u00e9 a \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 v\u00fdrob\u011b vod\u00edku, mohl by m\u00edt jako zdroj paliva z\u00e1sadn\u00ed v\u00fdznam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee d\u016fsledky zm\u011bny klimatu zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 \u010dlov\u011bkem se za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed projevovat a zasahuj\u00ed v\u0161echny kouty planety, v\u00fdzkum alternativn\u00edch zdroj\u016f energie nebyl nikdy d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00e1 technologie n\u00e1m neumo\u017en\u00ed zm\u00edrnit dopady zm\u011bny klimatu, ale p\u0159echodem na uhl\u00edkov\u011b neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed technologie m\u016f\u017eeme za\u010d\u00edt sni\u017eovat n\u00e1\u0161 dopad na \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Biopaliva, jako je bioetanol, n\u00e1m umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed nahl\u00e9dnout, jak by mohla vypadat budoucnost \u010dist\u00e9 energie. Biomasa je na na\u0161\u00ed planet\u011b hojn\u00e1 a m\u016f\u017eeme ji vyu\u017e\u00edt k uspokojen\u00ed na\u0161ich energetick\u00fdch pot\u0159eb bez nev\u00fdhod spojen\u00fdch se spalov\u00e1n\u00edm fosiln\u00edch paliv. V nadch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch desetilet\u00edch bude bioetanol a dal\u0161\u00ed biopaliva jist\u011b hr\u00e1t d\u016fle\u017eitou roli p\u0159i sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed uhl\u00edkov\u00e9 stopy.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Co je bioetanolov\u00e9 palivo a jak\u00e9 jsou jeho v\u00fdhody? Mo\u017en\u00e1 jste v posledn\u00edch letech vid\u011bli zpr\u00e1vy o automobilech, kter\u00e9 jsou vybaveny<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-700","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-algemeen","category-bioethanol-advies"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWat is bio-ethanolbrandstof, en wat zijn de voordelen ervan? | Bioethanolshop.nl<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bioethanolshop.nl\/cs\/co-je-bioetanol-palivo-a-jake-jsou-vyhody\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Wat is bio-ethanolbrandstof, en wat zijn de voordelen ervan?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Wat is bio-ethanolbrandstof, en wat zijn de voordelen ervan? 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